History
When the 1st Academy Awards, first Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929, no foreign-language film was honored. During the early post-war era (1947–1955), eight foreign language films received Academy Honorary Award, Special or Honorary Awards. Academy leader and board member Jean Hersholt argued that "an international award, if properly and carefully administered, would promote a closer relationship between American film craftsmen and those of other countries". The first foreign language film honored with such an award was the Italian neorealism, Italian neorealist drama ''Shoeshine (film), Shoeshine'', whose citation read: "the high quality of this motion picture, brought to eloquent life in a Military history of Italy during World War II, country scarred by war, is proof to the world that the creative spirit can triumph over adversity". In the following years, similar awards were given to seven other films: one from Italy (''Bicycle Thieves, The Bicycle Thief''), two from France (''Monsieur Vincent'' and ''Forbidden Games''), three from Japan (''Rashomon'', ''Gate of Hell (film), Gate of Hell'' and ''Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto, Samurai, The Legend of Musashi''), as well as a Franco-Italian International co-production, co-production (''The Walls of Malapaga''). These awards, however, were handed out on a discretionary rather than a regular basis (no award was given at the 26th Academy Awards held in 1954), and were not competitive since there were no nominees but simply one winning film per year. A separate category for non-English-language films was created in 1956. Known as the Best Foreign Language Film Award, it has been awarded every year since then. The first recipient was the Italian neorealist drama ''La Strada'', which helped establish Federico Fellini as one of the most important European directors. During the academy's board of governors meeting on April 23, 2019, it was decided that the category would be renamed Best International Feature Film beginning at the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020. It was argued that use of the term "Foreign" was "outdated within the global filmmaking community", and that the new name "better represents this category, and promotes a positive and inclusive view of filmmaking, and the art of film as a universal experience". Animated and documentary films will also be permitted in this category. The existing eligibility criteria remain.Eligibility
Unlike other Academy Awards, the International Feature Film Award does not require films to be released in the United States in order to be eligible for competition. Films competing in the category must have been first released in the country submitting them during the eligibility period defined by the rules of the academy, and must have been exhibited for at least seven consecutive days in a commercial movie theater. The eligibility period for the category differs from that required for most other categories: the awards year defined for the International Feature Film category usually begins and ends before the ordinary awards year, which corresponds to an exact calendar year. For the 80th Academy Awards, for instance, the release deadline was set on September 30, 2007, whereas the qualifying run for most other categories extended until December 31, 2007. Although the award is commonly referred to simply as the Foreign Film Oscar in newspaper articles and on the Internet, such a designation is misleading, since a film's nationality matters much less than its language. Although a film has to be produced outside the United States in order to be nominated for the award, it also has to be in a language other than English. Foreign films with Dubbing (filmmaking), dubbed American actors can be nominated, for example ''Battle of Neretva (film), Battle of Neretva'' (1969) starring Orson Welles and Yul Brynner. Foreign films where most of the dialogue is in English cannot qualify for the International Feature Film Award, and the academy has usually applied this requirement very seriously by disqualifying films containing too much English dialogue, the most recent case being that of the Cinema of Nigeria, Nigerian film ''Lionheart (2018 film), Lionheart'' (2019), despite English being the official language of Nigeria. Despite the basic importance of the foreign language requirement, the 1983 Algerian dance film ''Le Bal (1983 film), Le Bal'' was nominated despite completely lacking dialogue. Another disqualifying factor is a film's television or Internet transmission before its theatrical release, hence the academy's rejection of the Cinema of the Netherlands, Dutch film ''Bluebird (2004 film), Bluebird'' (2004). A film may also be refused if its submitting country has exercised insufficient artistic control over it. Several films have been declared ineligible by the academy for the latter reason, the most recent of which is ''Persian Lessons'' (2020), Belarus's entry for the 93rd Academy Awards. The disqualifications, however, generally take place in the pre-nomination stage, with the exception of ''A Place in the World (film), A Place in the World'' (1992), List of Uruguayan films, Uruguay's entry for the 65th Academy Awards, which was disqualified because of insufficient Uruguayan artistic control after having secured a nomination. As of the 2021 ceremony, it is the only film to have been declared ineligible and removed from the final ballot after having been nominated in this category. Since the 79th Academy Awards, 2006 (79th) Academy Awards, submitted films no longer have to be in an official language of the submitting country. This requirement had previously prevented countries from submitting films where most of the dialogue was spoken in a language that was non-native to the submitting country, and the academy's executive director explicitly cited as a reason for the rule change the case of the Cinema of Italy, Italian film ''Private (film), Private'' (2004), which was disqualified simply because its main spoken languages were Arabic and Hebrew, neither of which are List of languages of Italy, indigenous languages of Italy. This rule change enabled a country like Cinema of Canada, Canada to receive a nomination for a Hindi-language film, ''Water (2005 film), Water''. Previously, Canada had been nominated for French-language films only, since films shot in Canada's other official language (English) were ineligible for consideration for the Foreign Language Film category. Before the rule change, Canada had submitted two films in different languages—the invented-language film ''A Bullet in the Head (1990 film), A Bullet in the Head'' in 1991 and the Inuktitut language film ''Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner'' in 2001. Inuktitut, one of the country's Languages of Canada#Indigenous languages, aboriginal languages, is not official throughout Canada, but was (and still is) official in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. Neither film earned a nomination. The rule change, however, did not affect the eligibility of non-English speaking Cinema of the United States, American films, which are still disqualified from the category due to their nationality. Because of this, a Japanese-language film like ''Letters from Iwo Jima'' (2006) or a Yucatec Maya language, Mayan-language film like ''Apocalypto'' (2006) were unable to compete for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, even though they were both nominated for (and, in the case of ''Letters from Iwo Jima'', won) the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film, which does not have similar nationality restrictions. The nationality restrictions also differ from the practice of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) for their analogous award for BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language, Best Film Not in the English Language. While BAFTA Award eligibility requires a commercial release in the United Kingdom, that body does not impose a nationality restriction. All films produced inside the United States have been ineligible for consideration for regardless of the language of their dialogue track. This fact also included films produced in U.S. overseas possessions. However, Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States and used to be eligible despite Puerto Ricans having had Jones-Shafroth Act, American citizenship since 1917. Their best success in this award was receiving a nomination for ''Lo que le Pasó a Santiago, Santiago, the Story of his New Life'' (1989). However, in 2011 the academy decided not to allow submissions from the territory anymore.Submission and nomination process
Every country is invited to submit what it considers its best film to the academy. Only one film is accepted from each country. The designation of each country's official submission has to be done by an organization, jury or committee composed of people from the film industry. For example, the List of British submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, British entry is submitted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, and the List of Brazilian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, Brazilian entry is submitted by a committee under its Ministry of Culture (Brazil), Ministry of Culture. Names of the members of the selecting group must be sent to the academy. After each country has designated its official entry, English-subtitled copies of all submitted films are screened by the Foreign Language Film Award Committee(s), whose members select by secret ballot the five official nominations. This procedure was slightly modified for the 79th Academy Awards, 2006 (79th) Academy Awards: a nine-film shortlist was published one week before the official nominations announcement, and a smaller 30-member committee, which included 10 New York City-based Academy members, spent three days viewing the shortlisted films before choosing the five official nominees.79th Academy Awards – Rule ChangesRecipient
Unlike the Academy Award for Best Picture, which officially goes to the winning film's producers, the International Feature Film Award is not given to a specific individual but is considered an award for the submitting country as a whole. For example, the Oscar statuette won by the Cinema of Canada, Canadian film ''The Barbarian Invasions'' (2003) was until recently on display at the Musée de la civilisation, Museum of Civilization in Quebec City. It is now on display at the TIFF Bell lightbox. The rules currently governing the International Feature Film category state that "the Academy statuette (Oscar) will be awarded to the picture and 'accepted by the director on behalf of the film's creative talents". Therefore, the director does not personally win the Award, but simply accepts it during the List of Academy Awards ceremonies, ceremony. In fact, the award never has been associated with a specific individual, except for the 29th Academy Awards, 1956 (29th) Academy Awards when the names of the producers were included in the nomination for the Foreign Language Film category. Officially, a director like Federico Fellini is considered never to have won an Academy Award of Merit during his lifetime, even though four of his films received the Foreign Language Film Award (the only Academy Award that Fellini personally won was his 1992 Academy Honorary Award, Honorary Award). However, producers Dino De Laurentiis and Carlo Ponti are considered to have won the 1956 Foreign Language Film Award given to Fellini's ''La strada (film), La Strada'' (1954) because their names explicitly were included in the nomination. By contrast, the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language is awarded to the director and producer—that award's rules specifically state that the nomination and award is presented to the director or if "a producer equally shared the creative input with the director, both names may be submitted. A maximum of two individuals will be nominated per film". In 2014, it was announced that the name of the director will be engraved onto the Oscar statuette in addition to the name of the country.Criticisms and controversies
Because each country chooses its official submission according to its own rules, the decisions of the nominating bodies in each respective country are sometimes mired in controversy: for instance, the Indian selection committee (Film Federation of India) was accused of bias by Bhavna Talwar, the director of ''Dharm (film), Dharm'' (2007), who claimed her film was rejected in favor of ''Eklavya: The Royal Guard'' (2007) because of the personal connections of the latter film's director and producer. ''Vox'' Alissa Wilkinson argued in 2020 that countries such as China, Russia, and Iran frequently censor their submissions, ignoring films with politically controversial messages. Another major controversy came in 1985 when Akira Kurosawa's highly acclaimed ''Ran'' was not submitted for nomination by Japan, reportedly because Kurosawa was personally unpopular in the Japanese film industry. In recent years, the academy's definition of the term "country" has caused debate. The submissions for the 75th Academy Awards, for instance, became shrouded in controversy when it was reported that Humbert Balsan, producer of the critically acclaimed Palestinian cinema, Palestinian film ''Divine Intervention (2002 film), Divine Intervention'' (2002), tried to submit his picture to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Academy but was told it could not run for the Foreign Language Film Award because the State of Palestine is not recognized by the academy in its rules. Because the academy previously had accepted films from other political entities such as Cinema of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, the rejection of ''Divine Intervention'' triggered accusations of double standards from pro-Palestinian activists. Three years later, however, another Palestinian-Arab film, ''Paradise Now'' (2005), succeeded in getting nominated for the Foreign Language Film Award. The nomination also caused protests, this time from Israel lobby in the United States, pro-Israeli groups in the United States, which objected to the academy's use of the name Palestine on its official website to designate the film's submitting country. After intense lobbying from pro-Israeli groups, the academy decided to designate ''Paradise Now'' as a submission from the Palestinian Authority, a move that was decried by the film's director Hany Abu-Assad. During the 78th Academy Awards, awards ceremony, the film eventually was announced by presenter Will Smith as a submission from the Palestinian Territories. Another object of controversy is the academy's "one-country-one-film" rule, which has been criticized by some filmmakers. Guy Lodge of ''The Guardian'' wrote in 2015 that the idea of a Best Foreign Language Film category is a "fundamentally flawed premise" and this is the "most critically sneered-at of all Oscar categories." It also stated "In a perfect world—or, at least, as perfect a world as would still allow for gaudy film-award pageantry—there'd be no need for a separate best foreign language film Oscar. The fact that, after 87 years, the Academy never honored a film not predominantly in English as Academy Award for Best Picture, the year's best says everything about their own limitations, and nothing about those of world cinema". The 2019 South Korean film ''Parasite (2019 film), Parasite'' was the first to win both the newly named Best International Film and Best Picture in the same year.Winners and nominees
Awards by nation
See also
* Independent Spirit Award for Best International Film * Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film * BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language * Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film * List of Academy Award–winning foreign-language films (in categories other than the International Feature Film category itself) * List of foreign-language films nominated for Academy Awards (in categories other than the International Feature Film category itself)References
External links